Forming Aluminum Stampings—Part 2
May 1, 2009Comments
Remove the sides of a square or rectangular box and the remaining corner radii could be assembled into a cup. Consequently, the box corners form in a manner similar to cup drawing, where the corners are compressive on the material moving toward the die radius and tensile on the material that has been drawn over the radius. Material flow in the sides and ends of the box is bending and straightening.
Aluminum products can be particularly difficult to form due to serious wrinkling and tearing problems associated with their lower forming limits. Because different forming modes and complex material flow are required to produce the corners and side walls, several important factors must be considered when forming aluminum parts.
Blank Shape and Blankholder Force
Rectangular blanks often are chosen for simplicity and low cost. While this shape simplifies the manufacturing process, it does not maximize formability. Compared to steel, aluminum-alloy sheet has reduced stiffness and much less stretching capability. As a result, the shape of aluminum blanks must be optimized to minimize buckling and stretching tendencies. A final blank shape usually is developed using analytical methods such as metalforming simulations or by trial and error. Regardless of the chosen method, developed blanks will vastly improve aluminum draw-forming processes.
Draw pads (blankholders) and nitrogen-gas springs are routinely employed to provide economical blankholding pressure. A disadvantage with this arrangement is that blankholding pressure increases with punch travel (depth of draw) because the nitrogen gas cylinders are being compressed. The rise in pressure occurs at a time when the blank area under the draw pad is being reduced.
Applying increased pressure to a decreased flange area acts to restrict material flow into the die cavity, which in turn causes the sheetmetal to stretch. Combined with aluminum’s limited stretching capabilities, the maximum achievable depth of draw is effectively reduced. A more desirable blankholder-force profile is one that decreases in pressure as the blank area is reduced. Such pressure profiles can be achieved using programmable hydraulic pressure systems or other recently developed variable-blankholder technologies.
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| Fig. 1—Additional clearance and spotting for improved material flow. |
As mentioned, the corners of a box form in a manner similar to cup drawing. This includes material thickening found in the vertical cup wall and the flange remaining on the blankholder. Allowances for thickening must be provided in the draw corners by machining additional punch-to-die clearance in the vertical wall and spotting additional in the blankholder (Fig. 1).
Spotting consists of locally grinding specific areas on the blankholder to account for nonuniform thickening in the corner flange area to help improve material flow into the cavity. This is usually done by trial and error. Spotting can sometimes be avoided when drawing low-carbon steel or other highly formable materials by using gap blocks or standoffs on the blankholder. However, spotting is particularly important when working with aluminum alloys because of their tendency to wrinkle and buckle. Spotting increases the contact area and force distribution across the entire blank surface.
