2) Cold treatment—completes the metallurgical phase transformation of austenite into martensite during the hardening of steels, via quench and temper heat treatment; and
3) Cryogenic treatment—at liquid-nitrogen temperatures, creates conditions for precipitation of very fine carbides in higher alloy steels.
Sub-Zero Treatment of Tool Steels
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Process
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Description
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Parameters
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Objective
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Shrink fitting
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Overall contraction of metals when cooled allows tight assembly of parts
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-70 to -120 C (-90 to -190 F) until metal is cold throughout
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Temporary change in size
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Cold treatment
of steels
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Complete martensitic phase transformation
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-70 to -120 C (-90 to -190 F) for 1 hr. per 3 cm of cross section
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• Transformation of retained austenite to martensite
• Increase hardness
• Dimensional stability
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Cryotreatment
of steels
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Cyrotreatment temperatures can create sites to nucleate fine carbides that improve wear resistance in tool steels
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-135 C (-210 F) and below for 24 hr. or longer
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Improved wear resistance through carbide precipitation
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Source: Linde AG, Hollriegelskreuth, Germany
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Shrink fitting is a convenient method to assemble a pressed-fit guide post to a die set. The die post is cooled to sub-zero temperatures (by packing in dry ice, for example) to decrease its diameter prior to assembly. The assembled post then is allowed to warm to room temperature, creating a very tight interference fit.
Cold treatments and cryogenic treatments are additional steps in the heat treatment and hardening process.
The heat treatment of tool steels includes heating the tooling component to austenitizing temperature, followed by quenching—or rapid cooling—to transform most, but not all, of the austenite into the higher-strength martensite structure. The newly formed untempered martensite is supersaturated with carbon, which makes it unstable, brittle and likely to crack. Tempering allows the supersaturated carbon to form carbides that help relieve stresses in the martensite matrix and prevent cracking. Most tool and die professionals are familiar with this heat-treatment sequence.
Quenching usually occurs at room temperature. Most medium-carbon and low-alloy steels will undergo complete transformation to martensite at room temperature. However, high-carbon and high-alloy steels will retain austenite at room temperature. To eliminate retained austenite, the temperature must be lowered.
Cold-treatment processes tend to operate in a temperature range of - 90 to -190 F. This process completes the transformation of retained austenite in the microstructure to the stronger and harder martensite structure. The resulting steel hardness correspondingly increases with the increased percentage of martensite in the microstructure. This also increases the steel’s strength and wear resistance.
To summarize, the primary purpose for cold treating tool steel is to promote the further transformation of retained austenite to martensite, to increase the hardness, strength and wear resistance of the treated steel.
Cryogenic treatments occur at temperatures below - 238 F. Since cold and cryogenic treatments both occur at sub-zero temperatures, it would not be appropriate to distinguish one or the other as a “sub-zero” process, because both are sub-zero treatments.
With hardened tool steels, exposure to cryogenic temperatures eliminates most of the retained austenite in favor of the more wear-resistant martensite. More importantly, it also initiates the precipitation of wear-resistant carbides from the martensite phase, enhancing the steel’s overall durability and toughness.
For machine shops and metalformers, cryogenic treatments also can increase the life of drills, taps, mills, cutters, saw blades and broaches by 200 to 400 percent, according to one recent study. And in another study, an automaker reported resistance-welding electrodes running six times longer after cryogenic treatment.
After cryogenic treatments, tool steels will require at least two tempering cycles in a tempering oven. These steps can be quite time consuming—as long as 20 hr.—but they are a necessity, not an option. The entire process can take 3 to 4 days, so plan accordingly. MF Technologies: Finishing, Materials, Tooling
Peter Ulintz